b.khosa 34713484

Part 12

According to K. Phajane (2021) four environmental narratives identified in SA.

1. 1. the conservation,
   2. the economic,
   3. non-state actors and
   4. local views.

According to K. Phajane (2021) Narrative 1: The conservation view is the oldest narrative, with origins in the Apartheid era; regarded as authoritarian (think on this) when community viewpoints are not included in decision making. When policies, practices, or directives it exclude people and eliminate their rights to land and other natural resources on that land, o result in forced removals and resettlements.

According to K. Phajane (2021) The motivation for an authoritarian method is to assure land protection in the interests of a nation, region, or community; it has a noble goal but inadequate practices (mostly in the past in most countries; colonial roots). Among the reasons justifies approach of instilling fear and worry over the status of the environment, particularly its deterioration in quality , see the environment as a victim in need of rescuing from uneducated and destructive local communities; does not believe that collaboration is feasible or that cooperative solutions can be developed.

According to K. Phajane (2021) Narrative 2: The economic view is the environment is viewed as a commodity that is primarily there for selling and buying: o in colonial times for a privileged group to profit from is identified as an economic asset capable of bringing about long-term socioeconomic development and transformation not only in the specific locality but throughout the country.

According to K. Phajane (2021) The motivation is that capitalist approach (those with the means and hence the power discover chances to exploit resources in order to make money) (which theoretical perspective do you recognise).Nature is an untapped resource that should be harnessed (and hence profitably sold) to pull people out of poverty - therefore a profit as well as a development purpose.

According to K. Phajane (2021) Narrative 3: The non-state actor view is the outside of the local community, views are expressed by external interested parties like academics, scientists, non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

According to K. Phajane (2021) The approach is motivated by a conviction in the inherent worth of the environment, which should be maintained and appreciated responsible environmental stewardship by communities and government and responsible environmental stewardship by individuals. the strong assumption that natural resources are limited and a rejection of anthropocentric viewpoints· contesting state power and decision-making in the pursuit of unconstrained economic expansion

According to K. Phajane (2021) Narrative 4: Local community views the views are influenced by time, geography, human qualities and circumstances, as well as local power and politics, these perspectives are complicated and extremely differentiated.

According to K. Phajane (2021) The following factors determine motivation for the approach the nature of the interaction with the environment as determined by the socio-political context policies and practices as a framework for direct views and reactions of local communities

According to K. Phajane (2021) There is a development of environmental thought as articulated in South African environmental discourses in each narrative.

According to K. Phajane (2021) Sustainable development is our biggest challenge in south Africa . sustainable development is an situation where human responds  and use natural resources. This process includes the use of natural resources it is its duty to make sure that it doesn’t run out. It control natural resources and make sure that it does not run out and it’s there for the future. The second one is development it still continue to run in the 21 century like sustainable development  there is lack of consensus in development and what it stand for. Traditionally development is seen in economic terms. Development find different levels between countries.

K. Phajane. 2021. SU7: Application: Environmental problems & environmental social justice in SA
Part 12 . part 12 [PowePoint presentation]. Unpublished lecture notes on efundi. SOCY211.Vaal: NWU

b.khosa 34713484

Learning activity 11

According to K. Phajane (2021) South Africa lacks sufficient water. South Africa is the world's 30th driest country, with an annual precipitation of 450mm, slightly more than half the global average of 860mm. This average, however, conceals the significant variation in rainfall across the country, with less than 100mm being the most common Per year, more than 1,000mm of rain falls along South Africa's west coast and more than 1,000mm falls along the east coast. Droughts occur on a regular and sometimes long-term basis in the country. Water conservation and effective water management should be priority focus areas of South Africa's water policy in light of the country's increasing water scarcity. There is a critical need to implement market-based incentives to optimize the allocation of scarce water resources among competing parties.

According to K. Phajane (2021) While the term "social justice" is frequently used by Australian policymakers on all sides of politics to justify a wide range of decisions, it is rarely defined. If liberals and conservatives, religious fundamentalists and radical secularists all believe that their causes are socially just, then , how can we come up with a common definition for the term? The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the historical development of the concept of social justice and to identify the themes that are prevalent emphasized by differing perspectives on what social justice entails.

According to K. Phajane (2021)  Environmental social justice is a subset of social justice that seeks to address equality and fairness in relation to injustices caused by environmental issues. The 'injustice' occurs because persons from higher socioeconomic groups may be better equipped to deal with the repercussions of climate change, then the wealthy can relocate to less polluted locations, They can afford insurance more easily, they also have access to alternate items while suffering from ailments associated to pollution of the air, water, soil, and food, wealthy individuals may be able to receive better healthcare.

According to K. Phajane (2021) To achieve environmental social justice, governments, corporations, labor unions, and communities must collaborate to: resolve environmental problems you should offer assistance to communities who are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation and climate change and to provide disadvantaged communities access to resources. richer countries, which are more responsible for environmental degradation than developing countries, should aid developing countries in addressing the obstacles they have in implementing environmental programs, reacting to the impact of climate change, and supporting vulnerable communities.

The post-apartheid government's challenge has been to build an inclusive society while overcoming the prejudice and oppressive legacies of colonial and apartheid. This entailed rebuilding and reorienting the rule of law's development and environmental focus. South Africa's environmental legislation have been greatly affected by key events occurring on a worldwide scale. The socioeconomic and environmental rights entrenched in the 1996 constitution are the major foundations of South Africa's environmental management framework. In this respect, the constitution establishes the legal basis for environmental preservation. Section 28 of the constitution theoretically institutionalizes environmental justice and the human-environment link.

K. Phajane. 2021. SU6: SA Society-environment  narratives & discourses; policy. part 11 [PowePoint presentation]. Unpublished lecture notes on efundi. SOCY211.Vaal: NWU

b.khosa 34713484

Part 10

According to K. Phajane (2021) Early social scientists and sociologists used geography and the environment into their societal theories. In its endeavor to rid mainstream sociology of "determinism," sociology likewise ignored the impact of the environment on society. Various scientists continued to include the environment in their research, building on the work of earlier scientists.

According to K. Phajane (2021) Buckle's thesis was that the environment is a crucial influence in a country's success. He distinguishes two periods in world history: early and modern: Warm weather, fertile farmland, and plenty of rain helped Eastern nations thrive. To withstand the cold, northern civilizations were resourceful and inventive, generating a significant amount of food. Huntington set out to show that the development and collapse of entire civilizations, such as ancient Rome, is linked to changes in climatic zones through time.  Herbet spencer a philosopher. Darwinist principles were applied to the human-social context. its ontology was competition of life' in which humans compete with other species for existence in the natural universe as well as with each other in a social world he rejected concept of social reform because Theorems based on a single factor were deterministic. Marx's diagnosis of the primary ecological dilemma of his time-the problem of soil fertility in capitalist agriculture-was profound.

According to K. Phajane (2021) Despite being only mildly concerned with environmental deterioration, their examination of social structure and social development serves as the foundation for several significant current environmental ideas. Capitalistic practices, it is argued, detach ordinary people from their work and from nature itself; 'capitalist agriculture': rapid profit is prioritized above soil (environment) or people (community).

K. Phajane. 2021. SU5: Environment and Society: Environment in the SA context  . part 10 [PowePoint presentation]. Unpublished lecture notes on efundi. SOCY211.Vaal: NWU

B. Khosa 

34713484 

The anthropogenic nature of environmental problems
According to K. Phajane (2021) since from 1980 going forward it has been clear that lot of problems in 
the society they come from environmental problems and in the opposite environmental problem they 
happen within the society . The development event of the natural and social is certain to happen 
intertwined. Nature is seen as obstacles. Sociology help us to understand how social problems are made, 
and it also give us insights on how patterns of human behavior can create pressure on natural
environment and also transform it. Some fate is not directed but they are indirectly through pollution 
and this come from global warming and also climate change this come from climate conditions like 
droughts, heart, storms and cold.
Environmental problems 
According to K. Phajane (2021) leading to environmental problems, they are natural habitats which are 
coral reefs, wetlands, forest, the bottom of ocean and are being destroyed , The reason why they are 
being destroyed is because of overfishing: industrial fishers they either exploited or over-exploited then 
species become under threat. The second reason is consequences of soil erosion then the oxide I is 
reduced and species under threat they face healthy problem. The decline of fresh water , water also 
become the a global issue the reason for this is the overuse of water by communities and industrial 
operation, pollution when people dump fuels in dams this pollutes water , ceasing or slowing this 
increase the empty of water in dams example in western cape they have crisis of water since 2018 even 
now they are still facing the problem, wastage: leaks of pipes. In conclusion the society influence 
pollution of water and soil , it increases global warming.
Reference list
K. Phajane. 2021. Environment-society relationship and concepts. part 9 [PowePoint presentation]. 
Unpublished lecture notes on efundi. SOCY211.Vaal: NWU

B. Khosa 

34713484 

According to K. Phajane (2021) another humanist paradigm which is variant is participatory 
development . Peoples participation become more dominant in the late 70s. The development process 
run around the participation of beneficiaries from the inception stage to the introduction of the 
development intervention. The participatory development approach allows the society to build their 
own self-reliance and capacity and the approach also allows people in grassroots to become associated 
and be partners in the development process. Participation it is used as a path to cooperate or join 
together and give information between society and all stakeholder involved. If a participation is not used 
as submissive process, The government NGOs only go for information, people are in a position to 
question structures which are existing.
According to K. Phajane (2021)Participatory organizations the community groups are the one that start
and play its role in the development efforts. The development groups that are meant for development 
they may end up being robbed by local elites the they may end up playing their parts in development 
initiatives using their own ideas these groups have less success records especial in south Africa. 
Participation as empowerment the community needs to act as social unit and use non-formal education 
so they can be aware of their needs in the process of development. The approach give a shift from 
economic development to more human-centered approach. The NBA is the one that addresses basic 
human needs like education, healthy, nutrition, sanitation and employment as an important fact for 
development. If we do not have the needs of the community we cannot achieve development.
REFERENCE LIST
K. Phajane. 2021. Sociology of development . part 8 [PowePoint presentation]. Unpublished lecture 
notes on efundi. SOCY211.Vaal: NWU

B. Khosa 

34713484 

According to K. Phajane (2021) Esther Boserup made woman in development . She made an evaluation against modernization that only lack of well organized economic can set free woman in the third world. She stated that the modernization process is led by colonial authorities quality with western norms of sexual division of labour. This process reduced woman power, status and their income . The woman development gave woman power and it helped them with the issue of gender so it can be taken into consideration so they can implement inequality. 

According to K. Phajane (2021) the people who were left out development practice policy and research were woman , the development left them out by making their status worse and they were not benefiting fully then the woman in development saw this problem that the development programs and approaches  is excluding woman and took it into consideration . Woman were seen as people who lack experience so they were treated as lacking opportunities to perform in development so the woman in development agued for positions and opportunities of woman in programs of development to improve positions in society. 

According to K. Phajane (2021) Boserup agued that gender policies that are made by government can correct earlier mistakes that were made. According to me  woman should be treated equal like other people in order to improve economy and development, if we work together we can change the world. 

Reference list

K. Phajane. 2021.Gender and developnt . part 7 [PowePoint presentation]. Unpublished lecture notes on efundi. SOCY211.Vaal: NWU

B. Khosa 

34713484 

According to K. Phajane (2021) modernization  is process that includes social, cultural and economic transformation where a country run  around pre-industrial or undeveloped status while following developed countries. Theorists augured that the less develop countries can be developed if they stop following their cultures because it take them backwards  and this hinder the process of modernization. Modernization theory believes that poor countries they are going to develop into modern economies they fail to do this because they resist market principles or they do not want to follow western values. The Rostow’s modernization theory have 5 stages of growth such as the traditional society, pre-conditions for take off,  The drive to maturity and high mass of consumption. All countries have to follows these stages for development. The country is classified modern when it has high population of people living in urban areas than rural areas Also when people have freedom.

According to K. Phajane (2021) dependency theory this started in result of failure of the modernization. The dependency theory is a situation when an economy and the development is on another expenses and which the former is taken into account. It’s a relationship between two or more independent economies. This g happens when a country experience growth than other countries. Example MDCs (more developed countries) can have negative or positive effect on LDCs (less developed countries).

Reference list

 K. Phajane. 2021.Modernisation and dependency theories . part 6[PowePoint presentation]. Unpublished lecture notes on efundi. SOCY211.Vaal: NWU

B. Khosa

34713484 

According K. Phajane (2021) to development is a change or progress  in a span of areas where it involve economy, social, politics, the structural change and equity amongst other things . i’m  going to illustrate four factors that constitute development the first one is growth and structural change the second one is distribution of income , the third one is modernization and the last one is political transformation.

According to K. phajane (2021) growth and structural change for government to progress it needs growth and also structural change . When it comes to the economy it consist of three sectors the primary, secondary and tertiary sector. Less developed countries their income comes from primary sector  example in South Africa fishing, farming and mining ,then middle or developing countries they obtain their income from secondary sector example factories and industries . Highly developed countries most of their income comes from tertiary sector. Distribution of income countries need distribution of income to improve their income. The distribution of income its fair , A fair distribution of income may help the countries to grow its economy and promote economic development example the level of gross domestic product in South Africa.

According to K. Phajane (2021) modernization  some theorist they ague that development needs societies to move from traditional to modern society through modernization example the infrastructure that we have here in South Africa  . When we say a country is modernized it needs to be advanced in new technology. Political transformation the political growth needs to cover socio-cultural and economic growth example the changes that are happening in our political parties.

Reference list

K. Phajane. 2021.Social development . part 5[PowePoint presentation]. Unpublished lecture notes on efundi. SOCY211.Vaal: NWU

(K.Phajane, 2021) Peter said that poverty have to be defined in a connection of a certain society at a 
certain time , if you see the society suffer it means that the people are in need of something ,what are 
the resources that are available.
(K.Phajane, 2021) According to Townsend people in the community as individuals or in groups they can 
be said that they are in poverty if they lack resources to reach their diet so that they can take part in the 
activities that are happening within their society . Their resources are under those that are demanded by 
individuals or family that they belong in excluding from patterns , customs, and activities that they used 
to . His deprivation measures 60 particular types of deprivation .
(K.Phajane, 2021) Peter says that if a family is in relative poverty have to be not in a week’s holiday 
from home for 12 months , has not had a visitor from others for a snack in last four weeks he also say 
that has not been out for a snack to relatives in 4 weeks, children has no friends to play with and also 
that children has no birthday parties , a family has no fresh food as four days of weeks, families has no 
refrigerators ,they never had cooked breakfast in a week and lastly household do not have access to 
fresh and good water also do not have flush toilets and electric cooker.
Reference list
K. Phajane. 2021. Social problems. Study unit 1 part2 [PowePoint presentation]. Unpublished lecture 
notes on efundi. SOCY211.Vaal: NWU

The benefits poverty it emphasis the material of social deprivation on the other side social exclusion 
head a group or an individual ability to participate in economic, social, cultural and political life and how 
they associate with others. Social exclusion there are important factors of social exclusion such as 
gender , disability, age , ethnicity and unemployment status. Poverty help some individuals to maintain 
their standard of living this is determined by the things that they buy like food poverty help them to 
draw their budget .When you are in poverty you find lot of things cheap things like clothes you find the 
prices based on your standard of living even clothes.
When you are in poverty you get free infrastructure , you get free clean water and healthy food .The 
individual and the community they benefit most from the government than the people who are wealthy 
because people who are in poverty they get free education where they don’t have to pay for school fees 
they also get RDP’s . People who are in poverty they are also able to get free medical services and 
medical attention . People who are in poverty they do not have to pay tax. As an individual if you are in 
poverty you put more efforts in your studies because you want to get out of poverty so I think you are 
also benefiting something . As an individual if you are in poverty you associate yourself with others I
other to share something so this help on building relationships with others.